No year assigned
A source enters most of these under a year, but the sources disagree or the entry is not about a datable act. The entry year is given in each record’s date wording. Where a record says its placement is “retained for navigation” or that it is “listed in” a year, that describes the research record: on this site these records appear only on this page and in search.
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Date reference: A.D. 1046.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Ingram/Giles translation) records under 1046 that Lifting, the eloquent bishop, died on the tenth day before the calends of April, having held three bishoprics, in Devonshire, Cornwall and Worcestershire, and that Leofric, the king's priest, succeeded to Devonshire and Cornwall and Bishop Aldred to Worcestershire.
Limits: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a monastic chronicle, used here through a 19th-century English translation (this e-text gives J. Ingram's translation, with excerpts of J. A. Giles's translation collated in by its preparer; the Old English was not checked); this records what this translation of the Chronicle says, not independent confirmation. Passages from J. A. Giles's translation, collated into this e-text in double parentheses, enter the death of a bishop this translation names 'Living' under A.D. 1044 (bishop in Devonshire, succeeded by 'Leoftic', the king's priest) and under A.D. 1047 (the eloquent bishop with three bishoprics, on the tenth before the kalends of April), so the year differs within this e-text (1044, 1046, 1047). This revision assigns no single event year. Only the historical English renderings are available here.
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Date reference: A.D. 1042.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Ingram/Giles translation) records under 1042 that King Hardacnute died at Lambeth as he stood drinking, falling suddenly to the earth and speaking no word afterwards, expiring on the sixth day before the ides of June, and that before he was buried all people chose Edward for king in London.
Limits: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a monastic chronicle, used here through a 19th-century English translation (this e-text gives J. Ingram's translation, with excerpts of J. A. Giles's translation collated in by its preparer; the Old English was not checked); this records what this translation of the Chronicle says, not independent confirmation. A passage from J. A. Giles's translation, collated into this e-text in double parentheses under A.D. 1041, enters the same death and the choice of Edward under 1041, so the year differs within this e-text. This revision assigns no single event year. Only the historical English renderings are available here.
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Date reference: A.D. 1035.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Ingram/Giles translation) records under 1035 that King Knute died at Shaftesbury on the second day before the ides of November and was buried at Winchester in the old minster, and that he had been king over all England very near twenty winters.
Limits: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a monastic chronicle, used here through a 19th-century English translation (this e-text gives J. Ingram's translation, with excerpts of J. A. Giles's translation collated in by its preparer; the Old English was not checked); this records what this translation of the Chronicle says, not independent confirmation. A passage from J. A. Giles's translation, collated into this e-text in double parentheses, enters the same death (as 'King Canute') under 1036, so the year differs within this e-text. This revision assigns no single event year. Only the historical English renderings are available here.
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Date reference: A.D. 1048.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Ingram/Giles translation) records under 1048 that there was an earthquake on the calends of May in many places, at Worcester, at a place the translation renders as "Wick", at Derby and elsewhere throughout England, with very great loss by disease of men and cattle over all England, and that the wild fire in Derbyshire and elsewhere did much harm.
Limits: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a monastic chronicle, used here through a 19th-century English translation (this e-text gives J. Ingram's translation, with excerpts of J. A. Giles's translation collated in by its preparer; the Old English was not checked); this records what this translation of the Chronicle says, not independent confirmation. A passage from J. A. Giles's translation, collated into this e-text in double parentheses under A.D. 1049, enters the same earthquake, mortality and wild fire under 1049, so the year differs within this e-text. The translation does not identify "Wick" further. This revision assigns no single event year. Only the historical English renderings are available here.
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Date reference: A.D. 1040.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Ingram/Giles translation) records under 1040 that they sent after Hardacnute to Bruges, and that he came to Sandwich with sixty ships seven nights before midsummer and was soon received by both the Angles and the Danes.
Limits: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a monastic chronicle, used here through a 19th-century English translation (this e-text gives J. Ingram's translation, with excerpts of J. A. Giles's translation collated in by its preparer; the Old English was not checked); this records what this translation of the Chronicle says, not independent confirmation. The ship count is as this translation gives it. A passage from J. A. Giles's translation, collated into this e-text in double parentheses under 1039, places King Hardecanute's arrival at Sandwich, seven days before midsummer, in that year and gives no ship count, so the year differs within this e-text. This revision assigns no single event year. Only the historical English renderings are available here.
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Date reference: Indiction/consul heading (OCR line 7845): '30 VII. THEODORICI ET VENANTII.'
The Chronicle of Marcellinus Comes records under the consulship of Theodoric and Venantius (AD 484) that Illus, an Isaurian, master of offices, whose ear had been cut off at court, invaded the East as an enemy of Zeno and then seized usurped power together with Leontius.
Limits: A Latin chronicle written at Constantinople c. 518-534, used through Mommsen's 1894 edition (MGH AA 11) as Internet Archive OCR text (page images not checked); the English is an AI working translation. OCR 'tyi-annidem' read as tyrannidem. Mommsen's apparatus gives 'comitem' (T) for 'comitatum', calling the reading uncertain, and 'leuntio' (S); his source note marks this item as repeated by Jordanes (Romana 349), who depends on Marcellinus. The chronicle reports the capture and beheading of Leontius and Illus under AD 488. The annal placement is retained for navigation. No absolute event year is assigned. The competing placement under 483 prevents treating the 484 entry as a settled date.
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Date reference: Muharram AH 82 in the first report; Muharram AH 83 in al-Waqidi’s report.
Al-Tabari’s account attributed to Abu al-Zubayr al-Hamdani reports that, during fighting at al-Zawiya near Basra in Muharram AH 82, Iraqi fighters drove their opponents back to al-Hajjaj and fought them at their trenches.
Limits: The transmitted accounts place the fighting at al-Zawiya in Muharram AH 82 or AH 83. They differ by one year. The initial Iraqi advance is part of the AH 82 narrative and does not establish a separate engagement with a secure date.
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Date reference: A.D. 1050.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Ingram/Giles translation) records under 1050 that King Edward abolished the Danegeld which King Ethelred had imposed, in the thirty-ninth year after it had begun.
Limits: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a monastic chronicle, used here through a 19th-century English translation (this e-text gives J. Ingram's translation, with excerpts of J. A. Giles's translation collated in by its preparer; the Old English was not checked); this records what this translation of the Chronicle says, not independent confirmation. The term 'Danegeld' and the count of years are as given in this translation. A passage from J. A. Giles's translation, collated into this e-text in double parentheses under A.D. 1052, enters the same abolition of the tribute imposed by King Ethelred ('in the nine-and-thirtieth year') under 1052, so the year differs within this e-text. This revision assigns no single event year. Only the historical English renderings are available here.
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Date reference: A.D. 1045.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Ingram/Giles translation) records under 1045 that King Edward during the year collected a large fleet at Sandwich, through the threatening of Magnus of Norway, but that "his contests with Sweyne in Denmark prevented him from coming hither".
Limits: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a monastic chronicle, used here through a 19th-century English translation (this e-text gives J. Ingram's translation, with excerpts of J. A. Giles's translation collated in by its preparer; the Old English was not checked); this records what this translation of the Chronicle says, not independent confirmation. A passage from J. A. Giles's translation, collated into this e-text in double parentheses under A.D. 1046, enters the same fleet at Sandwich under 1046, so the year differs within this e-text. This revision assigns no single event year. Only the historical English renderings are available here.
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Date reference: A.D. 1047.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Ingram/Giles translation) records under 1047 that Lothen and Irling came to Sandwich with twenty-five ships and took incalculable spoil in men, gold and silver, that when they went about Thanet the land-folk withstood them and put them to flight, and that they then plundered in Essex and departed eastward to Baldwin's land.
Limits: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a monastic chronicle, used here through a 19th-century English translation (this e-text gives J. Ingram's translation, with excerpts of J. A. Giles's translation collated in by its preparer; the Old English was not checked); this records what this translation of the Chronicle says, not independent confirmation. A passage from J. A. Giles's translation, collated into this e-text in double parentheses under A.D. 1046, enters the same raid under 1046, so the year differs within this e-text. This revision assigns no single event year. Only the historical English renderings are available here.
- Quoted from a published English translation, not from the original-language text.
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Date reference: Indiction/consul heading (OCR line 7438): '463 I. VIVIANI ET FELICIS.'
The Chronicle of Marcellinus Comes enters under the consulship of Vivianus and Felix (AD 463) a notice that Prosper, a man of the region of Aquitaine, is said to have composed many works, and that the letters of Pope Leo against Eutyches on the true incarnation of Christ are believed to have been dictated by him.
Limits: A Latin chronicle written at Constantinople c. 518-534, used through Mommsen's 1894 edition (MGH AA 11) as Internet Archive OCR text (page images not checked); the English is an AI working translation. This is a literary notice, which Mommsen's margin (OCR 'Gennud.as.', apparently Gennadius 85) traces to Gennadius' De viris illustribus; it does not date Prosper's writing to this year, and the text itself hedges ('dicitur', 'creduntur'). OCR 'Aquitanicac' read as Aquitanicae and the garbled margin numeral 'ih' ignored; Mommsen's apparatus notes that some Gennadius manuscripts read 'dicuntur' for 'creduntur'. The author’s origin and the annal heading do not establish when or where he composed these works.
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Date reference: Indiction/consul heading (OCR line 5844): '416 XIIII. TIIEODOSII AVG. VH'
The Chronicle of Marcellinus Comes records under the consulship of Theodosius Augustus for the seventh time and Palladius (AD 416) that Orosius, a presbyter of Spanish origin, wrote seven books of histories, and that, sent by bishop Augustine to the presbyter Jerome to learn about the nature of the soul, on his return he was, in the chronicle's words, the first to bring to the West the relics of blessed Stephen, then recently found.
Limits: A Latin chronicle written at Constantinople c. 518-534, used through Mommsen's 1894 edition (MGH AA 11) as Internet Archive OCR text (page images not checked); the English is an AI working translation. The 'first' is the chronicle's claim (primus intulit), not verified here; the chronicle gives no place of arrival. Mommsen's note on the page lists 416, 1 as repeated in Bede (later, not independent confirmation); the apparatus notes that manuscript R reads 'episcopum et presbyterum' and appears (OCR garbled) to omit 'tunc'. OCR 'iiiissus' and 'Hieronynmm' read as missus and Hieronymum; '5' is a margin line number. The author’s origin and the annal heading do not establish when or where he composed these works.
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Date reference: 24th of August: the cloud sighting in letter LXV; no year in the inspected passage
In letter LXV of the inspected Melmoth–Bosanquet translation, Pliny the Younger compares the eruption cloud to a pine tree and says its mountain of origin was initially uncertain at his viewing distance.
Limits: This is the wording of a historical English translation of a retrospective letter. The original Latin was not checked, and no absolute eruption date is established here.
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Date reference: No absolute date adopted for the uncle’s death. Letter LXV dates the initial cloud sighting to 24th of August, without a year.
In the inspected letter LXV, Pliny the Younger conjectures that his uncle died from suffocation by noxious vapour, mentioning his uncle’s weak and often inflamed throat.
Limits: This is the narrator’s conjecture, not a medically established diagnosis. The letter places Pliny the Younger at Misenum rather than at his uncle’s death scene; he describes using both his own observations and information received soon afterwards.
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Date reference: 太和 4 (太和四年 as numbered by the annals), lunar month 8
The Wei shu basic annals place an edict ordering the provinces to establish ice houses (冰室) in the eighth lunar month of Taihe 4 (AD 480), labeling the day yimao (乙卯).
Limits: An official history compiled 551-554 by Wei Shou under the Northern Qi from Northern Wei records; the English is an AI working translation. The entry is a single line and does not state the purpose of the ice houses. The Wei shu places the order under month eight. Sinica's eighth month begins yichou (乙丑) and lasts 29 days, so it contains no yimao (乙卯). The annal and the table differ on intercalation. The notice is listed in 480 and its day remains unresolved. The annal placement is retained for navigation. No absolute event year is assigned.
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Date reference: No absolute date adopted for the rumours in letter LXVI. The 24th of August date occurs in letter LXV for the initial cloud sighting, not these rumours.
In the inspected letter LXVI, Pliny the Younger reports hearing claims that parts of Misenum had fallen or were burning, and says those reports were false.
Limits: This is Pliny’s attributed evaluation of rumours, not an independent survey of all damage at Misenum.
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Date reference: Indiction/consul heading (OCR line 6467): '435 III. THEODOSII XV ET VALEN-'
The Chronicle of Marcellinus Comes records under the consulship of Theodosius (for the fifteenth time) and Valentinian (for the fourth time) (AD 435) that Sebastianus, son-in-law of the late patrician Bonifatius (Boniface), fled from the august city and was killed in Africa.
Limits: A Latin chronicle written at Constantinople c. 518-534, used through Mommsen's 1894 edition as OCR text (page images not checked); the English is an AI working translation; the 'august city' (urbs augusta) is the chronicle's term for Constantinople, the page's sigla note says manuscripts U and R omit the years 434-437, and the apparatus reports a reordered, garbled reading in T that does not change the content. Marcellinus compresses the flight and the death into one entry under 435, but Hydatius's chronicle in the same volume spreads the story over later entries: Sebastian, an exile, sails to the Eastern palace (c. 104, among entries Mommsen's margin puts at 434-435), later flees from Constantinople to the king of the Goths (OCR 'Theodorem') and enters Barcelona (c. 129, margin 444), and is ordered killed by Gaiseric after taking refuge with him (c. 144, margin 450). The 435 placement is therefore the chronicle's own and probably not the date of either event. The annal placement is retained for navigation. No absolute event year is assigned.
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Date reference: A.D. 1041.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Ingram/Giles translation) records under 1041 that tribute was paid to the army, amounting to 21,099 pounds, and afterwards to thirty-two ships, 11,048 pounds.
Limits: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a monastic chronicle, used here through a 19th-century English translation (this e-text gives J. Ingram's translation, with excerpts of J. A. Giles's translation collated in by its preparer; the Old English was not checked); this records what this translation of the Chronicle says, not independent confirmation. The sums are as this translation gives them, and the passage does not say who received the payment beyond 'the army' and 'thirty-two ships'. A passage from J. A. Giles's translation, collated into this e-text in double parentheses under A.D. 1040, enters the same payments (twenty-one thousand and ninety-nine pounds, and eleven thousand and forty-eight pounds to thirty-two ships) under 1040, so the year differs within this e-text. This revision assigns no single event year. Only the historical English renderings are available here.
- Quoted from a published English translation, not from the original-language text.
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